The social historian Philip J. Greven Jr. published Four Generations: Population, Land and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts in 1970, six years after he earned his Ph.D. at Harvard. [1] Often cited, the book is a thoroughly researched and original work detailing and analyzing the ways in which Andover fathers transferred land holdings to their sons -- or didn't. After farmable land in Andover became scarce and the cost of acreage rose sharply, some young men were forced to move themselves elsewhere to begin their independent lives. "Compared to most farming communities, Andover was relatively crowded by the mid-eighteenth century," Dr. Greven wrote. [2] And yet, he also discovered, mortality rates were higher than in the previous century, a reason for which he did not find, and could observe only that early Andoverites had been extremely fortunate.
Perhaps they themselves thought they had been blessed.
Dr. Greven's papers are at Rutgers University, where he taught for most of his career. In perusing the finding aid, I noted that he had previously planned to study the church in Andover, but switched to the land transfers. Fortunately, he saved his earlier research and it is stored in two folders in the University Archives. In an email I have asked the librarians to send me copies of this material, one folder of which is titled "The Church in Andover: 1690-1760 A Prospectus; Family, Church, and Community In Andover, Massachusetts, 1695-1760" and the other, "Thesis Prospectus: Church and Community in Andover, Massachusetts, 1645-1670." Tantalizing. Some of his findings may have been included in the book that followed Four Generations. It is The Protestant Temperament: Patters of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience and the Self in Early America (1977). While I wait to see if Rutgers librarians will fulfill my request -- not a certainty during these Covid years -- I have ordered the book and will read it and report on my findings here. Ditto on a third book of his, Spare the Child: The Religious Roots of Punishment and the Psychological Impact of Physical Abuse, published in 1990. I may be surprised by how relevant to my own interests this last book turns out to be.
Besides farming, Dr. Greven lists the following trades as having been represented in early eighteenth-century Andover: shoemaking, blacksmithing, joinery, carpentry, weaving, tailoring, and tanning. Three sons of an Andover farmer, John Frye Jr. (1672-1739), whose estate included 611 acres ("nearly all of it in Andover") [3], did not become farmers, he notes, perhaps because John died intestate and his land holdings had to be divided amongst his five (out of seven) surviving sons. The portions sound as if they would be plentiful enough, but not when one considers the work required to get rocky soil to produce viable crops. Accordingly, one of those sons set himself up as a blacksmith; two others became hatters. What Greven doesn't mention is what virtually every other secondary source that I have read does: that by 1718 a Samuel Frye had set up a saw mill and grist mill in what later became known as Frye Village (and which today is known as Shawsheen Village, my very own neighborhood). Charlotte Helen Abbott (1844-1921), in one of her many unpublished genealogies, doesn't mention it, either. [4] She does mention John's son Samuel (1675-1689) and a grandson also named Samuel (1694-1761), neither of which were, by her lights, associated with millwork.( Not that she is always accurate -- she has John Frye Jr.'s death date as 1737 -- although she is almost always colorful, e.g., she cites another John Frye [1682-1753], known as "great John," who weighed 300 lbs.) The secondary sources go on to say that one of Samuel Frye's sons added a fulling mill [5] to the Frye Village complex, and that a later descendant, Theophilus Frye, operated those mills during the Revolutionary War period. But the earliest Theopohilus Frye that Miss Abbott writes about was born in 1776. I am not particularly interested in sorting out the Frye family lineage. I leave that to the Fryes themselves. But since I am interested in Andover's earliest manufactories, because they are relevant to my theme and my book's title, I will have to make a trip to the Andover Center for History and Culture to find out if its archives are the source of the Frye Village origin story.
To be continued.
_____________________
1. Philip J. Greven Jr., Four Generations: Population, Land and Family in Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970).
2. Greven, 177.
3. Greven, 232.
4. Charlotte Helen Abbott, "Early Records of the Frye Family of Andover." https://mhl.org/sites/default/files/files/Abbott/Frye%20Family.pdf Retrieved April 17, 2022.
5. Fulling was the name for an early (pre-Industrial Revolution) step in the process of making woolen cloth, so it is related to the textile industry and therefore relevant to my story. Not relevant but interesting to me is that the names of workers who performed the fulling task -- which involved pounding woolen cloth with a club -- were called fullers, tuckers, and walkers, all of which became common English surnames.
Perhaps they themselves thought they had been blessed.
Dr. Greven's papers are at Rutgers University, where he taught for most of his career. In perusing the finding aid, I noted that he had previously planned to study the church in Andover, but switched to the land transfers. Fortunately, he saved his earlier research and it is stored in two folders in the University Archives. In an email I have asked the librarians to send me copies of this material, one folder of which is titled "The Church in Andover: 1690-1760 A Prospectus; Family, Church, and Community In Andover, Massachusetts, 1695-1760" and the other, "Thesis Prospectus: Church and Community in Andover, Massachusetts, 1645-1670." Tantalizing. Some of his findings may have been included in the book that followed Four Generations. It is The Protestant Temperament: Patters of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience and the Self in Early America (1977). While I wait to see if Rutgers librarians will fulfill my request -- not a certainty during these Covid years -- I have ordered the book and will read it and report on my findings here. Ditto on a third book of his, Spare the Child: The Religious Roots of Punishment and the Psychological Impact of Physical Abuse, published in 1990. I may be surprised by how relevant to my own interests this last book turns out to be.
Besides farming, Dr. Greven lists the following trades as having been represented in early eighteenth-century Andover: shoemaking, blacksmithing, joinery, carpentry, weaving, tailoring, and tanning. Three sons of an Andover farmer, John Frye Jr. (1672-1739), whose estate included 611 acres ("nearly all of it in Andover") [3], did not become farmers, he notes, perhaps because John died intestate and his land holdings had to be divided amongst his five (out of seven) surviving sons. The portions sound as if they would be plentiful enough, but not when one considers the work required to get rocky soil to produce viable crops. Accordingly, one of those sons set himself up as a blacksmith; two others became hatters. What Greven doesn't mention is what virtually every other secondary source that I have read does: that by 1718 a Samuel Frye had set up a saw mill and grist mill in what later became known as Frye Village (and which today is known as Shawsheen Village, my very own neighborhood). Charlotte Helen Abbott (1844-1921), in one of her many unpublished genealogies, doesn't mention it, either. [4] She does mention John's son Samuel (1675-1689) and a grandson also named Samuel (1694-1761), neither of which were, by her lights, associated with millwork.( Not that she is always accurate -- she has John Frye Jr.'s death date as 1737 -- although she is almost always colorful, e.g., she cites another John Frye [1682-1753], known as "great John," who weighed 300 lbs.) The secondary sources go on to say that one of Samuel Frye's sons added a fulling mill [5] to the Frye Village complex, and that a later descendant, Theophilus Frye, operated those mills during the Revolutionary War period. But the earliest Theopohilus Frye that Miss Abbott writes about was born in 1776. I am not particularly interested in sorting out the Frye family lineage. I leave that to the Fryes themselves. But since I am interested in Andover's earliest manufactories, because they are relevant to my theme and my book's title, I will have to make a trip to the Andover Center for History and Culture to find out if its archives are the source of the Frye Village origin story.
To be continued.
_____________________
1. Philip J. Greven Jr., Four Generations: Population, Land and Family in Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970).
2. Greven, 177.
3. Greven, 232.
4. Charlotte Helen Abbott, "Early Records of the Frye Family of Andover." https://mhl.org/sites/default/files/files/Abbott/Frye%20Family.pdf Retrieved April 17, 2022.
5. Fulling was the name for an early (pre-Industrial Revolution) step in the process of making woolen cloth, so it is related to the textile industry and therefore relevant to my story. Not relevant but interesting to me is that the names of workers who performed the fulling task -- which involved pounding woolen cloth with a club -- were called fullers, tuckers, and walkers, all of which became common English surnames.
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